Financial Products Of Tata Capital Limited Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3107 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Tata Capital Limited (also referred to as TCL) is a finance company that fulfills the financial needs of retail and institutional customers in India. It was established in 2007 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Sons and is registered with the Reserve Bank of India as a systemically important non-deposit taking non-banking financial company (NBFC). The company is focused on providing multiple financial services through an extensive network of over 1,000 customer touch-points covering tier I, tier II and tier III cities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Products Of Tata Capital Limited Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Areas of business[1] Tata Capital has financial products and services in the following seven sectors: Distribution and broking: Third-party investment products, equity and commodity trading for retail and institutional customers. Retail finance: Passenger and commercial vehicle loans, used car loans, personal loans, home loans, credit cards and consumer durable loans for retail customers. Commercial finance: Financial products for small and medium enterprises and project finance for capital equipment and infrastructure. Investment banking: Advisory and debt and equity market products for corporate and small and medium enterprises. Private equity: Investments in India and other countries. Wealth management: Suite of advisory and investment offerings for high net worth individuals. Rural finance: Relevant financial products for rural customers, including financing of farm equipment, agricultural inputs and agricultural enterprises. Tata Capital also owns around 4 per cent of equity capital of Development Credit Bank, a growing private sector bank. Tata Capital Limited Fund Raising 2009 On Feb 10, 2009, Tata Capital Limited floated its public issue of Non Convertible Debentures (NCD). This is a public issue by the company aggregating Rs. 50,000 Lakhs (or Rs. 500 Crores) with an option to retain oversubscription of Rs. 1,00,000 Lakhs (or Rs.1,000 Crores) for issuance of additional NCDs. Common Terms of the Issue The common terms of the NCD issue of Tata Capital were as follows: Issue NCDs aggregating Rs. 50,000 lakhs with an option to retain over-subscription of Rs. 1,00,000 lakhs for issuance of additional NCDs. Stock Exchanges proposed for listing of the NCDs NSE Issuance Demat form only Trading Demat mode only Depository NSDL and CDSL Security[2] Security will be created for the purposes of this Issue as per the Debenture Trust Deed. Rating LAA+ by ICRA and CARE AA+ by CARE Issue Schedule[3] Issue Opening Date: February 2, 2009 and Issue Closing Date: February 24, 2009 Pay-in date 5 days from the date of application Deemed Date of Allotment Deemed date of allotment shall be the date of issue of the letter of allotment / regret Settlement Please refer to the section titled Terms of the Issue on page 115 in the attached Prospectus The NCDs will be issued at their respective face values. Specific Terms of the Issue The specific terms of each instrument are set out below: Options I II III IV Interest Payment Monthly Quarterly Annual Cumulative Minimum Application[4] Rs.1,00,000/- Rs.10,000/- Rs.10,000/- Rs.10,000/- In Multiples of Rs.100,000/- Rs.1,000/- Rs.1,000/- Rs.1,000/- Face Value of NCDs (Rs. / NCD) Rs.100,000/- Rs.1,000/- Rs.1,000/- Rs.1,000/- Interest Payment[5] ECS only Through various options available Through various options available Through various options available Coupon (%) 11% per annum 11.25% per annum 12 % per annum 12 % per annum to be compounded annually Yield on redemption 11.57% 11.73% 12% 12% Put and call option 36 months 42 months 36 months 36 months Tenor 60 months 60 months 60 months 60 months Redemption Date[6] 5 years from the deemed date of allotment 5 years from the deemed date of allotment 5 years from the deemed date of allotment 5 years from the deemed date of allotment Redemption Amount Face value plus any interest that may have accrued Face value plus any interest that may have accrued Face value plus any interest that may have accrued Face value plus any interest that may have accrued Lead Managers to the issue The commercial or investment banks which have primary responsibility for organizing a given issuance are referred to as Lead Managers. They will find other lending organizations or underwriters to create the syndicate, negotiate terms with the issuer, and assess market conditions. The Lead Managers to this issue were: ICICI Securities Limited Citigroup Global Markets India Private Limited DSP Merrill Lynch Limited Registrar to the issue Registrar to an issue refers to the person appointed by a body corporate or any person or group of persons to carry on the following activities on its or his or their behalf, namely: Collecting applications from investors in respect of an issue Keeping a proper record of applications and money received from investors or paid to the seller of the securities and Assisting body corporate or person or group of persons in: Determining the basis of allotment of securities in consultation with the stock exchange Finalizing of the list of persons entitled to allotment of securities Processing and dispatching allotment letters, refund orders or certificates and other related documents in respect of the issue In this case of issue of NCDs by Tata Capital, the registrar to the issue was Karvy Computershare Private Limited. Underwriters to the Issue There was no underwriting done for this issue. Credit Rating The NCDs have been rated LAA+ by ICRA (Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency) and CARE AA+ by CARE (Credit Analysis Research Ltd.). Both these ratings are based mainly on the association of the company with Tata Group and may not necessarily reflect the performance of the company. The company is too new to be assessed and has minimal track record. The implications of these ratings are: LAA+ by ICRA (): ICRA has rated the NCDs LAA+. This rating indicates high-credit-quality and also implies that the rated instrument carries low credit risk. This rating primarily reflects TCLs strong parentage (the Company is owned 100% by Tata Sons Limited (TSL), rated at LAAA and A1+ for its long term and short term debt programmes, respectively, by ICRA) and the strong commitment of TSL to TCL, which ICRA expects would allow the Company to grow its financing volumes by leveraging the strength of the Tata brand and by exploiting the synergies with other Tata Group companies by financing various participants in the supply chain as well as some of the end products. While TCL has the challenge of managing relatively newer assets, it is in a superior position (vis a vis other lenders) to comprehend credit risk and to service the borrower on its exposures to entities of the Tata supply chain. CARE AA+ by CARE (Credit Analysis Research Limited): CARE has assigned a CARE AA+ rating to the Issue for an aggregate amount of Rs. 150,000 lakhs having maturity between 1-7 years. Instruments with this rating are considered to offer high safety for timely servicing of debt obligations and carry very low credit risk. The rating factors in TCLs strong parentage (TCL being a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Sons Ltd.), the demonstrated support of the Tata group, both, by way of capital support as well as offering of in-house business opportunities (lending opportunities offered by the Tata ecosystem comprising dealers/vendors and other business constituents/ relationships affiliated with the group companies). The rating also factors in the brand equity of the parent company which would aid TCL in scaling up its volumes beyond the group related business as well as render it with strong resource raising capabilities. Mode of Issuance and Trading The issue is in demat form only and it can be traded in demat form only. Subscription Tata Capital Limited received an overwhelming response for its public issue of NCDs. Based on subscriptions of over Rs.3,000 Crore received, the issue was oversubscribed by more than six times (the company wanted to raise Rs.500 Crore). The Rs.500 Crore issue had an option for the company to retain an additional Rs 1,000 Crore. Tata Capital decided to retain total subscriptions of Rs.1,500 Crore, which is up to the rated amount. The NCDs are listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) under the ticker TATACAP. The issue has gained significant acceptance and this re-instates the investors confidence in Tata Capital. Based on the good response that the NCD issue has generated, we feel such bonds will become an instrument of choice for investors and other corporates leading to the development of a strong corporate bond market, said Mr. Praveen P Kadle, Managing Director, Tata Capital Limited. Usage of Funds The funds raised through this Issue, after meeting the expenditures of and related to the Issue, will be used for: The companys various financing activities including lending and investments and To repay its existing loans and for its business operations including capital expenditure and working capital requirements. Further, in accordance with the Debt Regulations, the company will not utilize the proceeds of the Issue for providing loans to or acquisitions of shares of any person who is a part of the same group as the company or who is under the same management as the company. Interim Use of Proceeds Pending utilization of the proceeds out of the Issue for the purposes described above, the company intends to Temporarily invest funds in high quality interest bearing liquid instruments including money market mutual funds, deposits with banks or Temporarily deploy the funds in investment grade interest bearing securities as may be approved by the Board. Such investment would be in accordance with the investment policies approved by the Board or the Investment Committee from time to time. NCDs A Brief Debentures Debentures are long-term debt instrument used by companies to raise funds for its business activities and other purpose. A debenture is a certificate acknowledging debt or loan taken by the company from the investor, on which the company will pay interest and repay the principal amount at the end of the tenure of the debenture. Non Convertible Debentures (NCDs) A Non Convertible Debenture is a long term loan on which the company will pay periodic interest and repay the principal amount at the maturity unlike Convertible or Partly Convertible Debenture in which the company may convert total or part of principal amount into equity shares of the company at the time of expiry of maturity period. To simply put, NCDs cant be converted into the equity shares of the company at any time. Rate of conversion and price of share are decided by the Issuers at the time of floating the Public Issue. Typically, the companies pay less interest on convertible and partly-convertible debentures and more on non-convertible debentures. Public issue of NCDs to raise funds Tata Capital had issued NCDs for around Rs.1,500 Crore. This wouldnt have been surprising and intriguing if not for the following reasons: For reasons like high costs of fund raising, high costs of issuance, comprehensive regulatory framework and underdevelopment of securitization products, companies in India generally prefer private placements to raise funds. Most of the corporates are wary of getting the credit rating, which is a mandate in the corporate debt market. In India the size of corporate debt market has remained insignificant in comparison to that of equity. According to ADB Working Paper (2008)[7], corporate debt market accounts for only 3.9% of GDP in India, whereas in countries like Korea and Malaysia, the contributions are 61% and 37.5% respectively. According to SEBIs annual report[8], no public issues of bonds were made by the corporate sector in 2007-08. However, the corporate sector mobilized Rs.1,28,602 Crore through private placement. Also, for a corporate bond a non repayment of even a small amount (say Re.1) or a delay for even one day will be treated as a default and this information will be publicly disseminated. So it makes the Corporates or the Issuers to be more comfortable disclosing their data to bankers or investors during private placements rather than disclosing the same through offer documents in public domain during public issue. The companies should also fully disclose their performances during a public issue, which makes them averse to public issues in general. Given the above mentioned challenges with the public issue of corporate debt like high cost, credit ratings, public disclosure of un-audited financial statements, it is surprising and interesting that Tata Capital opted to raise funds through public issue of NCDs and managed to get oversubscribed by more than six times too. This leads us to find the reasons for Tata Capital opting for this mode of fund raising and the discussion of the same. Reasons for fund raising through public issue of NCDs Due to the global financial crisis in 2008, banks had put a tight credit squeeze on loans offered and investors (mostly Insurance companies, Finance Institutions, Foreign Institutional Investors etc.) became wary of funding loans to corporates. The exposure (both lending and investment, including off balance sheet exposures) of a bank to a single NBFC should not exceed 10% of the banks capital funds as per its last audited balance sheet. Banks may, however, assume exposures on a single NBFC up to 15% of their capital funds provided the exposure in excess of 10% is on account of funds on-lent by the NBFC to infrastructure sectors. In times of credit crisis, Banks try to minimize their exposures as much as possible. Answering questions on how India has been affected by the global economic crisis of 2008, RBI Governor, D Subbarao[9]mentioned the following- Indias financial markets equity markets, money markets, forex markets and credit markets had all come under pressure from a number of directions. The tightened global liquidity situation in the period immediately following the Lehman failure in mid-September 2008, coming as it did on top of a turn in the credit cycle, increased the risk aversion of the financial system and made banks cautious about lending. These factors attributed to Tata Capital opting for public fund raising, instead of private placements or bank borrowing. Also, there is a regulation that Non-infrastructure NBFCs can raise only up to 15% of net worth from Bank Borrowings[10]. This also had put a constraint on Tata Capital to opt for Bank Borrowings because as on 30 Sep 2008, the Net Worth of the company was only Rs.210,718 Lakhs, whereas the company wanted to raise funds of minimum Rs.50,000 Lakhs. This fund requirement is almost 24% of the companys net worth. Because of the liquidity crunch and the above mentioned constraint, it became a challenge to just depend on the one source that corporates always choose Banks for funds. The crisis also eliminated the option of opting for External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs). There was another glitch with Tata Capital opting for ECBs. There has been some end use restrictions put on ECB such as utilization of ECB proceeds is not permitted for on-lending or investment in capital market or acquiring a company (or a part thereof) in India by a corporate. Further ECB proceeds are not permitted to be used for investment in real estate, working capital, general corporate purpose and repayment of existing Rupee loans. Since Tata Capital had planned to use the proceeds for various financing activities including lending and investments, to repay existing loans and for business operations including capital expenditure and working capital requirements, ECB option will not work out in favor of the company. Though from a companys point of view, accepting FDs (Fixed Deposits) are better than issuing NCDs, since Tata Capital is registered as a NBFC, it is not allowed to issue public deposits to raise funds. Many a times (or almost always) even highly rated corporates prefer private placement route ignoring the fact that lower cost of capital in the public offering can offset the higher issuance cost. Tata Capital had realized that the costs could be offset and hence opted for the public issue. Also, Tata Capital saw an opportunity to test the untapped high potential market. After the brunt bore through the Tata Finance Fiasco, it makes sense for Tata Capital to opt for public issue fund raising, as there will be lot of scrutiny and governance involved in the process too. All the above factors have led to Tata Capital opting to fund raising through public issue of NCDs. A brief analysis of the Financial Status of Tata Capital The companys Debt to Equity ratio before the issue is 2.66 as on September 30, 2008. And it was estimated that this ratio will be 3.38 post the issue of the NCDs. The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) as on March 31, 2008 and as on September 30, 2008 was 45.5% and 26.1% respectively, which has fallen over the year significantly. Though Tata Capital managed a marginal net profit in the first six months ended September 2008, it reported a pre-tax loss of approximately Rs.1,800 Lakhs for the nine months ended December, 2008. The companys subsidiaries Tata Capital Markets Limited, Tata Securities Limited and Tata Capital Pte Limited incurred an aggregate loss of Rs.1,573 Lakhs. Though all the above financial facts raise concerns, it is too early to comment on the companys performance as most of the costs are because of the new business setup (start-up costs). The company is a relatively new one, set up in 2007 and it has a limited track record by which to judge its success. Probably, that is why the company was able to solicit good response for its NCD issue. And not to ignore the fact that the Tata lineage would have given it a cutting edge. Probable risks associated with the issue The risks linked with the NCD issue of Tata Capital stem from the challenges associated with any NBFC business and the relatively short track record of Tata Capital. However, this credit risk is partly mitigated by the security offered (fixed assets and future receivables) and the debenture redemption reserve towards maturity. Also, the offer is rated LAA+ by ICRA, which is among the higher investment grade ratings and hence the investors should not have any major concerns. The NCDs are also listed and traded on the NSE and hence investors have the option of cashing out earlier, if the bonds witness frequent trading in sufficient volumes. Also there may not be concerns over liquidity as the investors have a put option at the end of 36 months to redeem their investments, without any interest rate penalty. Based on the various parameters (or constraints) mentioned in this study and considering the economic environment in which the issue was carried out, it is amazing to see that Tata Capital has managed to acquire funds far and beyond its expectations. And it is also good to note the confidence the investors have shown in the Tata group in spite of the Tata Finance Fiasco, which still remains unsolved. It can only be hoped that Tata Capital will live up to the expectations and trust of the customers and shareholders and fly the flag of the Tata Group high.

Comparing Catherine MacKinnons Not A Moral Issue and...

Comparing Catherine MacKinnons Not A Moral Issue and Sallie Tisdale’s Talk Dirty to Me Professor’s Comment: This powerful essay contrasts the views of two feminist, Catherine MacKinnon and Sallie Tisdale, each of which perceives pornography in widely divergent ways. While MacKinnons Not A Moral Issue explains the adverse impacts of pornography to women and society as a whole, Tisdales Talk Dirty to Me: An Intimate Philosophy of Sex is receptive to pornography despite these adverse impacts, suggesting in fact that the solution to the problems associated with pornography is a greater role of women in production of that pornography. Breasts and booties, buns and knockers. Type these words into a search field and be prepared.†¦show more content†¦MacKinnons radical feminism focuses on aspects of sexuality that victimize and oppress women, whereas the liberal-minded Tisdale focuses on ways women can overcome sexual repression and achieve sexual liberation through the consummation of pornography. Catharine MacKinnon, in her article Not A Moral Issue, calls the need for feminist critique of pornography pertinent, as it is central to the institutionalization of male dominance (407). The power dynamics presented in pornography, MacKinnon believes, uphold ideologies of gender inequality. Men treat women as who they see women being. Pornography constructs who that is, she writes (MacKinnon 408). To MacKinnon, in depicting women as sexually obedient and submissive, pornography buttresses the archetypal roles of women as passive objects wanting abuse. Pornography constructs women and sex, defines what woman means and what sexuality is, in terms of each other(MacKinnon 414), she says. MacKinnon believes that pornography creates an open forum for sexual terrorism by men, in which women are discriminated against and male dominance is expected. Tisdale, on the other hand, argues for the necessity of pornography as a medium that can bring sexual freedom to men and women alike, and help defeat such stereotypical female roles of passivity and weakness. As she explains: I dont†¦ want a world in which

Rising food prices Free Essays

The economic and political ramifications of rising oil prices are astounding. It is interesting how far they reach, and also how deeply dependent countries are on this commodity. It shows that the extent to which oil might be considered fundamental is a significant one, given its impact on the most basic human need: food. We will write a custom essay sample on Rising food prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now The economics of oil demonstrates itself as being perhaps the most intricate of all commodities, as it has the ability to affect not just the economy of its suppliers by also the economy of the entire world. The idea that food (or the lack thereof) can stir national conflict does not appear to be very far-fetched. However, the connection that food has to oil prices certainly places oil (as a commodity) in a much higher place than it perhaps should be. Oil is usually considered closely connected to such non-essential (yet highly used) commodities as gasoline and by extension motor vehicles. The importance of oil on the world market may for this reason have been considered an enigma. However, this connection that it has to food makes it understandable why the demand for oil is so inexorably high (Whitelaw, 2008). Of concern is the realization that the rising food costs have also been affecting the ability of the United Nations’ food aid agency and other philanthropic organizations to provide food for the economically struggling countries. The international aspect of the rising prices may spell doom for certain countries that have benefited from such aid in the past. More frightening is that fact that it may also create further shortages in areas that before had needed no aid, and it has been affecting the chances for relief possessed by refugees fleeing famine in their own countries (Whitelaw, 2008). These implications make it more exigent that alternative energy sources be sought. It may end up being more economical to spend millions on research that will result in a more sustainable form of energy. The prospect of oil depletion in the coming years is clearly not the only problem humans now face in regard to concentration upon this particular energy source. More immediate effects resulting in economic and political tension are clearly serious consequences of humans’ dependence on oil. Reference Whitelaw, K. (2008). â€Å"The dangers from rising food prices: costlier commodities could trigger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   unrest in poor countries and may curtail food aid to refugees.† U.S. News World Report.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York. Available How to cite Rising food prices, Essay examples

The Federal Bureaucracy free essay sample

All of the following statements correctly describe the typical independent agency except (b) Its head is appointed by independent commission 5. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are (e) Respectively, an agency†¦ 6. Federal regulatory agencies have responsibility primarily in the area of (a) Economic policy 7. Regulatory agencies have a(n) (a) executive, legislative, and judicial 8. Most federal employees are hired on the basis of (a) Merit criteria 9. Federal civil service employees cannot legally (b) Go on strike 10. Policy implementation refers to the bureaucratic function of (a) Carrying out decisions made by Congress, presidents, and courts 11. The functions of the bureaucratic agencies include all of the following except (d) confirmation of those nominated by the president to head agencies 12. As distinct from the patronage and executive leadership system, the merit system for managing the bureaucracy (c) provides for a neutral administration in the sense that civil servants are not partisan appointees, thus ensuring evenhanded work. We will write a custom essay sample on The Federal Bureaucracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. When it was developed during the Jackson administration, the patronage system was designed to (b) make the admin more responsive to ordinary citizens 14. In response to economic demands that were a result of rapid industrialization, Congress in the late 1800s began to ? 15. During the New Deal, the federal bureaucracy Increased sharply in size 16. The administrative concept of neutral competence holds that the bureaucracy should (a) be staffed by people chosen on the basis†¦ 17. Bureaucrats tend to follow (c) their own agency’s pov 18. The chief goal of the executive leadership system is (b) improved coordination†¦ 19. The federal bureaucracy today is (d) a mix of patronage, merit†¦ 20. About 60 percent of top positions in the federal bureaucracy are held by (b) white males 21. Bureaucrats are ________ and elected officials are ________. (c) specialists; generalists 22. The special interests that benefit directly from a bureaucratic agency’s programs are called (a) clientele group 23. The assassination of President ________ did much to end the spoils system of distributing government jobs. b) James Garfield 24. A president’s proposal to reorganize a part of the bureaucracy can encounter opposition from ? opposed by agencies not wanting to be submerged within a broader bureaucratic unit. 25. It can be said of regulatory commissions that (b) the commissioners pursue†¦ 26. In terms of holding the bureaucracy accountable, the most important unit within the Executive Office of the President is the (b) Office of Management and Budget 27. Congress generally (c) sets broad policy†¦ 28. Legally, the bureaucracy derives the general authority for its programs from a) Acts of Congress 29. In 2004, ________ accused President George W. Bush of downplaying the terrorist threat and being preoccupied with Iraq in the period leading up to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Bob Herbert? 30. ________ was created in 2002. (e) Dept of Homeland Security 31. In the future, bureaucratic accountability is likely to increase in importance because policy issues will grow ever more complex and therefore government will become even more dependent on the bureaucracy. become a contentious issue in public opinion polls. 32. The cabinet department with the largest number of full-time civilian employees is the Department of (b) Defense 33. Regarding the educational background of bureaucrats, high ranking civil servants in continental Europe, compared to American bureaucrats, tend to have a college major specializing in law 34. The courts have tended to support administrators so long as their agencies (b) can apply a reasonable interpretation†¦ 35. A longstanding question about the bureaucracy involves the issue of (e) all answers; responsiveness fairness creativity accountability 36. The Department of ________ was founded in 1979. (e) Agriculture 37. The number of employees in the federal bureaucracy is about ________. (b) 2. 5 million 38. According to the Federal Performance Project, the ________ is one of the top-rated agencies in the federal government. Social Security 39. The chief way that administrative agencies exercise real power is through (a) rule making or deciding†¦ 40. The importance of clientele groups was especially clear in 1995 when House Speaker Newt Gingrich threatened to zero out funding for the (b) Corporation for Public Broadcasting

Usage of Blogging for Boys Motivation

Introduction Blogging is a form of interactive communication which entails posting informative content about specific topics on the World Wide Web. This evolving technology is one of the most popular forms of social media used in the modern society. Online communication through blogging enables people to interact with each other in a simple way, thus making communication more efficient and effective.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Usage of Blogging for Boys’ Motivation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The technology also serves as a significant tool for search engine optimization, and for that reason, it is commonly applied by search engines such as Yahoo and Google, among others. Blog contents are presented automatically on the web through data feeds. In this case, visitors are required to subscribe to the data feeds to stay updated with information which may be of interest to them. Ever since it was introduced as the first modern form of social media way back in 1990s, blogging has emerged as an integral part of online culture. Blogs have become a common form of interaction for people in diverse settings, where they are used for various purposes. Education sector is among the vast areas that have largely benefitted from blogging over the past few years. As a matter of fact, the trend has played a significant role in helping students achieve their learning needs in school. The use of blogging in design and technology will increase boys’ motivation, diversify their knowledge and improve their literacy. To confirm this hypothesis, a study about the use of blogging as a pedagogical approach was carried out on different institutions and some of the views expressed have been highlighted in this research paper. Rationale The use of blogging in most learning institutions and organisations in the course of study is widely considered to be unprofessional in many regions. Howev er, a number of institutions that have already embraced the culture as an avenue of sharing information and knowledge have a different story to tell. Through this popular form of social media, boys are able to post and access valuable information that can be useful to them in many ways. More importantly, they can interact with students from other learning institutions for writing competition purposes and other important learning activities. Despite these benefits, most learning institutions still have doubts that the benefits associated with this modern technological culture can outweigh the pitfalls if the approach was adopted for boys’ learning purposes. The research I intend to carry out will help to determine whether the use of blogs in design and technology classrooms will help to improve boys’ motivation and enhance their literacy. This study will also focus on the best approach to take when incorporating blogging lessons and technological gadgets in the classroo m.Advertising Looking for dissertation on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hypothesis The use of blogging in Design and Technology will increase boys’ motivation, diversify their knowledge, and improve their literacy. Research Questions What are the national guidelines on the use of technology in learning institutions? What are the opinions of different schools on blogging as a pedagogical approach and does it affect learning? Does using blogging and social networking sites motivate boys in school? What type of gadgets should be allowed for blogging? What negative outcomes are associated with blogging? Literature Review The use of this popular trend in schools has triggered debates to a broader audience whether the technology should really be incorporated in schools for boys’ use (Salavuo 2008). The main reason here is because the practice has its implications, and can therefore be distractive rather than beneficial if not appropriately utilised. Many institutions now appreciate the benefits of blogging to boys, and this awareness is drawing more people to the sites. As numerous studies have shown, blogging interprets complex empirical and theoretical findings to summaries that are understandable to boys while maintaining original tests that can be probed and explored (Motschnig-Pitrik Holzinger 2002). Some teachers have realised that the use of blogs for pedagogical reasons is a perfect way of improving the interests of boys in school. This is because blogging opens room for new forms of communication and ideas. Regardless of these benefits, majority of learning institutions have not yet embraced the idea of extending learning to such sites for various reasons. One of the major negative outcomes associated with this technological trend is that it distracts learners from learning goals and needs (Tekinarslan 2008). In this regard, this research has explored some of the national guidelines that have been provided on the use of technology in learning institutions. For example, necessary measures should always be taken to ensure that only suitable learning aspects and components are made available to students (Shih 2010). Moreover, technological aspects such as the internet have made it easier for people to access any type of information from the World Wide Web. This exposes boys to a wealth of content, most of which might be unsuitable to them owing to age restrictions. In this regard, there is a need to ensure that content meant for educational purposes is tailored to fit the standards of boys in various levels of education. These guidelines have suggested the use of blogging as an effective form of social media that can be safe for students’ use. More importantly, the guidelines have also discouraged the use of sites that are unsuitable for boys and which may bring negative effects to their learning experiences.Advertising We will write a cust om dissertation sample on Usage of Blogging for Boys’ Motivation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though it is clear that social media plays a significant role in motivating learners, not all forms of social media are able to fulfill this objective (Hsu 2007). However, blogging is just among the few forms of social media that have proved to be effective in motivating boys at school. The ability of this medium of communication to enable people to interact and communicate with each other freely has made teachers to view it as an excellent tool that can be used to communicate with students, especially in matters regarding academics (Wankel 2009). This simple form of interaction between teachers and learners helps to enhance administrative aspects within learning institutions, thus serving as a great motivation for boys (Ferdig Trammell 2004). Student blogs are also known for their ability to synthesize the information, thus enabling boys to have a deeper and better understanding of the learning concepts taught to them. The use of blogs also gives boys an opportunity to write and share ideas with other people across the world. More importantly, blogs create an open archive of learning whereby boys can go back to the beginning of their blogs and get to see what they have learned. All these interactive learning settings offered by blogs help in developing literacy among boys. As Ellison and Wu (2008) observe, boys are likely to have the pressure to come up with good work when they are informed that their job will be made public, and this helps to improve their performances. This way, blogging serves as a motivation for many boys across the world. There is a wide range of technological equipment that can make blogging easy for boys. Modern technologies have made blogs the latest trend and necessity among people. Previously, social networking sites were only accessible through the computer, but today, the s ites can easily be accessed using any gadget which can connect to the internet. Some of the common gadgets here would include computers, tablets, iPads, E-Readers, and smartphones. However, not all these gadgets can be allowed to conduct blogging in an educational setting. Computers, tablets, iPads, and E-Readers are the most preferable ones for this particular task, since they offer less distraction compared with the smartphones. More importantly, these gadgets can also be used for other learning purposes apart from blogging. For example, they can be used to access useful information which can help boys achieve better understanding of various learning concepts. The gadgets can also serve as word processors, thus being more useful to the boys compared with smartphones, which offer limited functionality. These are just some of the reasons why these gadgets would be the most appropriate ones for blogging purposes in educational settings.Advertising Looking for dissertation on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, blogging brings several negative outcomes on users, especially the younger ones. For instance, the practice is very addictive since people will always want to visit their blogs either to comment or to follow posts by other people (Conole et al. 2008). This habit will make boys lose interest in key school activities and if not controlled using the necessary approaches it can lead to poor performance in academics. As much as it can be used to change people’s lives, especially in the way they interact with one another, blogging can also bring enduring conflicts that can negatively impact students’ lives (Williams Jacobs 2004). The technology gives boys the confidence to publish what they want on the web but the posted content can sometimes be abusive or irritating to other people, thus resulting into conflicts. Another serious negative implication of blogging is that it reduces learning and research capabilities, since people will tend to rely more on informat ion which is easily accessible on the sites. Boys usually spend more time in blogging, and this interferes with time for other activities in school. In this respect, boys will find themselves sacrificing most of their sleeping hours to compensate for the time lost in blogging. If it persists, this habit can bring serious effects on the health of students. More importantly, boys are likely to get attracted to other social networking sites while blogging and this can result into time wastage and misuse of the internet as a significant learning tool, among other implications. Research Methodology For the purpose of this study, I used various approaches and methodologies to make the right conclusions based on the research hypothesis. For example, I used the internet and other relevant government publications to access national guidelines on the use of social media in schools. I also carried out a primary survey on policies of at least ten different learning institutions in regard with b logging where I was able to determine whether most of them utilised the concept or not, and the reasons behind each take. I also conducted a survey on schools that have been using blogging as a pedagogical approach and filled out questionnaires on whether the students were motivated in learning after using the blogs or not. I also researched on the gadgets that can be useful for this practice and filled out questionnaires on the ones that are currently used by different learning institutions. Finally, I interviewed participants on the problems associated with blogging to be able to answer the question about the negative effects that blogging can bring to boys. These observations were supplemented with findings of other researchers on the matter as they are revealed in various studies. For better outcomes on the issue, the opinions were expanded to cover the entire world of social media and not only blogging. This way, a lot of information about the opinions of different schools and individuals in regard with the idea of incorporating blogging and other forms of social media in learning was collected. The acquired data was then organised, analysed and clearly presented in tables and charts from where it was used to draw the final conclusions of the research. Results The investigation carried on schools about blogging and its effects on learning revealed mixed reactions from different institutions and individuals. While there were those who showed great support to this evolving form of communication terming it as a significant approach that can help to boost boys’ motivation in learning, others viewed it as a distractive approach unfit for pedagogical reasons. Those in favour of the concept would point out numerous views that appeared to outweigh the disadvantages expressed. For example, it was observed that blogging enables boys to interact freely with people from other regions, thus giving them confidence to express and communicate their thoughts over t he internet. According to the supporters, this can effectively improve the learning experiences of the boys. There were also concerns that the blogs are important sites through which boys can enhance their social skills that are crucial for effective learning experiences. It was also noted that, blogging would encourage boys to learn continuously in an interactive manner, thus facilitating the development of critical thinking skills. Those opposing the concept also had their views on the matter. For instance, some of the people interviewed had expressed their concern that, all forms of social media are addictive and will tend to be distractive. These claims were supported by the observation that boys will tend to spend a lot of time on the internet reading and responding to blogs, thus getting distracted from normal learning experiences and activities. Moreover, some schools had expressed the concern that blogging is likely to glorify negative behaviours, and this is likely to bring more harm than good to boys. Conclusion Just like any other form of social media, blogging has continued to play a crucial role in transforming the way we interact with one another. As it has been shown in this research paper, the benefits of this form of interaction far outweigh the shortfalls. The increased student opportunities of interaction offered by blogging will be crucial in helping boys understand learning concepts better. There is concrete evidence that blogging can provide an extra touch point for boys to interact with their teachers in school, thus helping both sides to understand each other well. It is easy for anyone to introduce blogging to people who have not used it before, and this makes blogging one of the most promising technological tools that can be used for pedagogical purposes. In this regard, schools should incorporate the use of blogging in Design and Technology as one way of improving the learning experiences of boys in different levels of education. Ref erence List Conole, G, De Laat, M, Dillon, T, Darby, J 2008, ‘Disruptive technologies, pedagogical innovation: What’s new? Findings from an in-depth study of students’ use and perception of technology’, Computers Education, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 511-524. Ellison, N Wu, Y 2008, ‘Blogging in the classroom: A preliminary exploration of student attitudes and impact on comprehension’, Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99-122. Ferdig, R Trammell, K 2004, ‘Content delivery in the ‘blogosphere’, The Journal, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 12-20. Hsu, J 2007, ‘Innovative technologies for education and learning: Education and knowledge-oriented applications of blogs, wikis, podcasts, and more’, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education (IJICTE), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 70-89. Motschnig-Pitrik, R Holzinger, A 2002, ‘Student-centered teaching meets new media: Co ncept and case study’, Educational Technology Society, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 160-172. Salavuo, M 2008, ‘Social media as an opportunity for pedagogical change in music education’, Journal of Music, Technology Education, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 2-3. Shih, R 2010, ‘Blended learning using video-based blogs: Public speaking for English as a second language students’, Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 883-897. Tekinarslan, E 2008, ‘Blogs: A qualitative investigation into an instructor and undergraduate students’ experiences’, Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 402-412. Wankel, C 2009, ‘Management education using social media’, Organization Management Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 251-262. Williams, J Jacobs, J 2004, ‘Exploring the use of blogs as learning spaces in the higher education sector. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp . 232-247. This dissertation on Usage of Blogging for Boys’ Motivation was written and submitted by user Rylee Sears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Difference Between Italian essays Difference Between Italian And French Baroque Architecture Baroque is the name given to the art of the 17th century. But the baroque style, like all other styles in the history of art, began gradually. It started in the latter part of the 16th century and continued to be used well into the 18th century. Baroque can be defied as the florid, ornate style characterizing fine arts in Europe from the middle 16th to middle 18th centuries. The main characteristic of the baroque architecture is movement. Architects wanted their buildings to be exciting and to give the impression of activity. They did this by making dramatic contrasts of light and shadow and by using curved shapes. The Renaissance enthusiasm for antiquity led the architects to adhere to the rules of classic architecture as far as they were understood. The baroque style flouted these laws. By mid-century the carefully controlled and subtly refined Classical Baroque trend was clearly established. In France, its pre-eminent position was never seriously challenged. French Baroque architecture was more restrained in its expression than its Italian counterpart. The most common and remembered details that made the two styles different were its culture, economy, religion, government, and economics. These can make one style very different from the other, but there were also other reasons why. Italians were the first to come up with Baroque architecture, they became very interested in the surroundings of their buildings. They placed elaborate gardens around places. They set off important buildings in the cities by open squares decorated with fountains or colonnades. Roads leading from the squares giving a dramatic view of stairways, sculpture, or other buildings far in the distance. These were some of the things the Italians thought up when they first started up this new style, so when the french took in the Italians ideas, they surly changed them in ...

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